What are the symptoms and what are the treatments? What meds do you take if you have it. Is is life threatening.
What exactly is POLYCISTIC OVARY DISEASE?
Basically, PCOS looks like a strand of pearls [many cysts] that ring the ovaries. It is rarely life threatening. It is often genetic. And men can get it, sometimes diagnosed in them as male menopause, etc. There are great books and info on-line about PCOS. Talk to your doctor about symptoms you have that may possibly indicate PCOS.
I have had it forty years, with no idea why I kept getting pregnant and miscarried 6 times. PCOS has many symptoms, but is rarely diagnosed until the woman gets testing due to infertility. Some symptoms include storing weight in the belly area, depression, "alligator skin" patches [my armpits and my daughter's neck look like small cobblestones sitting on the skin - I scrubbed that poor kid so much, I cringe to think of it]. Skin tags, male hair patterns [girls with mustache and / or beard may have PCOS], baldness or thinning hair in the top-front area. Sleep apnea. Adult acne [my skin can't decide if I'm 50 or 15] or excess oil in the "T" zone. A steady weight increase of 5 to 20 pounds, no matter how hard you diet or exercise. A family history of late life and/or unexpected pregnancy. There are more symptoms...
Good news: my daughter, now officially diagnosed, is simply taking a basic birth control pill. Each person is, of course, an individual and should be evaluated and treatment ordered by their personal medical provider...not everyone is going to respond to BC pills like my daughter did.
How she reacted to treatment: she has energy, she is always optimistic and happy again, she went from a very stretched and strained size 3X to a size 2 in just a matter of weeks. Her skin is clear again. Her sleep apnea has improved [I no longer spend most of my days trying to get enough naptime so I could wake her up several times during the night when she stopped breathing.
Good luck!
Reply:Men can NOT get PCOS. This is a disorder of the ovaries, and its no way similar to andropause, or "male menopause" Report It
Reply:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_...
Don't be too worried - my sister has it and she is fine and has had no problems having kids either
Reply:This is many cysts on the ovary.. It can cause many menstrual problems,,,especially skipped periods. It can be a cause of infertility.
Hormones are frequently prescribed. No one knows what causes it.
Reply:It is when you form many cysts on your ovaries. I have polycystic kidney disease and my ovaries. I have had them now for over 15 years. eventually they will take over and my kidneys will shut down. or they will pop and kill me. but nothing I can do about it. no medical and no treatment available.
Reply:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, or PCOS, is a condition of the female reproductive tract.
Basically, tiny cysts emerge inside the ovaries, sometimes outside the ovary (on the surface), causing exorbitant amount of problems. The most common is problems with periods, such as amenorrhea (no periods) or dysmenorrhea (painful periods). Other symptoms include weight gain that is hard to lose, decreased appetite, nausea (especially in the morning), acne, excessive body hair (hirsituism), hypothyroidism, intolerance to cold or heat, headaches/migraines, abdominal cramps, irritable bowel syndrome -%26gt; Just some of the common ones.
These are all due to a decreased amount of estrogen and progesterone related to the cysts causing the ovaries to go into "sleep mode". This can be problematic for fertility, as many women with PCOS often are infertile.
But its often a chicken or the egg situation as infertility is directly linked to one's weight. So the more obese one is, the more infertile they become. And with PCOS, the little estrogen that the ovaries do make become attracted to the fat cells of the body.....causing weight gain and making it impossible (almost impossible) to lose. Its a vicious cycle.
So one of the main nursing interventions for women with PCOS is healthy diet and a regular exercise program. We want to take the ovaries out of "sleep" or hibernate mode and back into full functioning mode.
Some doctors give oral birth control to try and regulate one's period by chemically manipulating the ovarian hormone functioning of estrogen and progesterone. But this is risky, and not every women can tolerate birth control pills.
As I said, a lot of this is healthy lifestyle, diet %26amp; weight control, stress reduction, etc.
PCOS is not life-threatening condition. It can not kill you. But it can make you infertile, causing immense emotional scarring, even for women who never thought of themselves as mothers, to be put into a stage of early menopause is debilitating.
I hope that gives you some insight into PCOS.
Reply:Poly means many, i am sure you know what a cyst is so there are many cyst on the overies.There are many kinds of cyst.
Sunday, November 15, 2009
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome While trying to conceive. I just went for my annual exam and was talking to my docto
about getting pregnant and she went into the fact that I had a very irregular period and was the first doctor to tell me that I could possibly have something called pollycystic ovary syndrome. She didn't diagnose me but she did say it was a possibility and in that case would be a little more difficult for me to become pregnant. I'm only 22 and we weren't expecting a pregnancy with out first child but now that we actually are trying all these things are coming up that are starting to worry me. The doctor did say that loosing as little as 10 lbs could make a world of difference in trying to become pregnant if i did indeed have polycystic ovary syndrome but I'm still a little depressed because of the thought of it being a possibility I might have a hard time getting pregnant ever again. Has anyone ever dealt with this? Any good advice. Any help is much appreciated! Thanks to all in advance.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome While trying to conceive. I just went for my annual exam and was talking to my docto
I have PCOS. It is hard to conceive with PCOS, but not impossible. Before you get too worried about it, I would ask your dr to test you for PCOS. This would include bloodwork to see if your hormones are out of whack, and also an ultrasound to check for cysts on your ovaries. Some women have all of the symptoms, and some have only one. I found it best, to search the internet for any info I could find on PCOS. Some of the symptoms are - abnormal hair growth on your face, back or chest, acne especially on the jawline, weight gain, especially in your middle area, skin tags, depression, and fatigue. Hope this helps a little bit, but my best advice would be to get your dr to run the tests, just to ease your mind.
Reply:I was diagnosed with PCOS back in Dec. 2006 while trying to get pregnant. I will recommend you make an appointment with your Gyn or with an infertility specialist RE, they will be able to do tests to help determine if you have PCOS or not. Having PCOS could make it difficult to get pregnant but not impossible. Good luck to you.
Reply:I too have PCOS. And to be honest when I first found out that I would have a hard time getting pregnant I wanted to cry. But then I decided to see an infertity specialist who ran a bunch of exams on me and immediately put me on medication. My particular problem is that #1 my periods were/are very irregular and I am not ovulating. I have been on medication/ treatment for close to a year now. Sadly enough I am not pregnant YET but I have read so many great and positive stories of women of all ages who suffer from PCOS and have had positive results.........Just remember try to remain clam and I know that it is easiler said than done- Believe me I know! Another thing is that you will need a good support system because if you do not get pregnant immediatley you will need your "support system" to step up and help you through such a difficult time....
I wish you and your hubby the very best !!!
Good Luck and God Bless !!
Reply:I to have pcos, I have been ttc for 4 years now, nothing happen as yet, it is possible to have a baby but it would take sometime to, i did clomid for 3 cycle witout any luck I am currenlty on clomid 100mg (3-7) and metformin hope it do the work this month
Reply:I have PCOS and iam unable to conceive which is very heartbreaking but i have found light at the end of the tunnel we are undergoing IVF. Iam only 22 as well.
It its so hard to lose the weight i found that the metformin worked for me.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome While trying to conceive. I just went for my annual exam and was talking to my docto
I have PCOS. It is hard to conceive with PCOS, but not impossible. Before you get too worried about it, I would ask your dr to test you for PCOS. This would include bloodwork to see if your hormones are out of whack, and also an ultrasound to check for cysts on your ovaries. Some women have all of the symptoms, and some have only one. I found it best, to search the internet for any info I could find on PCOS. Some of the symptoms are - abnormal hair growth on your face, back or chest, acne especially on the jawline, weight gain, especially in your middle area, skin tags, depression, and fatigue. Hope this helps a little bit, but my best advice would be to get your dr to run the tests, just to ease your mind.
Reply:I was diagnosed with PCOS back in Dec. 2006 while trying to get pregnant. I will recommend you make an appointment with your Gyn or with an infertility specialist RE, they will be able to do tests to help determine if you have PCOS or not. Having PCOS could make it difficult to get pregnant but not impossible. Good luck to you.
Reply:I too have PCOS. And to be honest when I first found out that I would have a hard time getting pregnant I wanted to cry. But then I decided to see an infertity specialist who ran a bunch of exams on me and immediately put me on medication. My particular problem is that #1 my periods were/are very irregular and I am not ovulating. I have been on medication/ treatment for close to a year now. Sadly enough I am not pregnant YET but I have read so many great and positive stories of women of all ages who suffer from PCOS and have had positive results.........Just remember try to remain clam and I know that it is easiler said than done- Believe me I know! Another thing is that you will need a good support system because if you do not get pregnant immediatley you will need your "support system" to step up and help you through such a difficult time....
I wish you and your hubby the very best !!!
Good Luck and God Bless !!
Reply:I to have pcos, I have been ttc for 4 years now, nothing happen as yet, it is possible to have a baby but it would take sometime to, i did clomid for 3 cycle witout any luck I am currenlty on clomid 100mg (3-7) and metformin hope it do the work this month
Reply:I have PCOS and iam unable to conceive which is very heartbreaking but i have found light at the end of the tunnel we are undergoing IVF. Iam only 22 as well.
It its so hard to lose the weight i found that the metformin worked for me.
What are the chances to get pregnant people who have scar on the ovary?
How did you get a scar on your ovary? I have endometriosis which causes scarring on my ovaries, tubes, uterus and other organs. Each women is different. My chances of conceiving a child naturally was less than 2%. We finally got pregnant by IVF which our chances were 50%. Good Luck!!!
What are the chances to get pregnant people who have scar on the ovary?
I had sever endometriosis when I was younger. After several surgeries to remove cysts, the doctors told me that my chances of becoming pregnant were very slim due to the scarring I had. However, just a short time after I got married, we were expecting our first child!
I believe the chances are different for each individual. So many factors (extent of scarring, level of natural fertility, age, etc.) affect fertility that it is difficult to say without knowing a full medical history.
No matter what, keep trying. We didn't give up and now I have two gorgeous children and have been a surrogate mother three times!
Good luck!
Reply:my mom had something wrong with one of her ovaries, possibly a scar, and she ended up having two more kids... so it's not impossible.
What are the chances to get pregnant people who have scar on the ovary?
I had sever endometriosis when I was younger. After several surgeries to remove cysts, the doctors told me that my chances of becoming pregnant were very slim due to the scarring I had. However, just a short time after I got married, we were expecting our first child!
I believe the chances are different for each individual. So many factors (extent of scarring, level of natural fertility, age, etc.) affect fertility that it is difficult to say without knowing a full medical history.
No matter what, keep trying. We didn't give up and now I have two gorgeous children and have been a surrogate mother three times!
Good luck!
Reply:my mom had something wrong with one of her ovaries, possibly a scar, and she ended up having two more kids... so it's not impossible.
What are the symptoms of a ruptured ovary?
what happens? how does it feel?
What are the symptoms of a ruptured ovary?
Ovarian torsion is the twisting of the ovary (similar to rupture) due to the influence of another condition or disease. This results in extreme lower abdominal pain.
Ovarian torsion occurs infrequently only in females. In can occur in women of all ages, but most women that experience this are younger. Approximately 70-75% of cases occur in women under 30 years old. About 20% of all reported cases are in pregnant women. It is the fifth most common gynaecological emergency which can include surgical intervention.
Ovarian torsion usually arises in only one ovary at a time. They can occur in either normal or enlarged ovaries and fallopian tubes, and occasionally they develop in both.
There are a variety of conditions that can cause torsion of the ovary ranging from changes in normal ovaries to congenital and developmental abnormalities or even a disease that affects the tube or ovary. Normal ovaries that experience spasms or changes in the blood vessels in the mesosalpinx can become twisted. For example, if the veins in the mesosalpinx become congested, the ovaries will undergo torsion.
Developmental abnormalities of the fallopian tube such as extremely longer-than-normal tubes or a missing mesosalpinx will cause ovarian torsion. Diseases such as ovarian cysts or fibromas, tumor of the ovary or tubes, and trauma to either the ovaries or the tubes will also cause ovarian torsion.
The characteristic symptom of ovarian torsion is the sudden onset of extreme lower abdominal pain that radiates to the back, side and thigh. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation can accompany the pain. The patient may also experience tenderness in the lower abdominal area, a mild fever and tachycardia.
The diagnosis of ovarian torsions usually occurs in an emergency room due to the suddenness of extreme pain. Emergency room doctors may consult with a gynaecologist. Since 20% of ovarian torsions occur in pregnant women, physicians will order a pregnancy test. Visualization with an ultrasound and CT scan will help pinpoint the ovarian structures and allow gynaecologists to diagnose. Diagnosis is often confirmed through laparoscopy.
Ovarian torsions need to be repaired. This is done through surgery, and for less severe cases laparoscopic surgery is used. Medications such as NSAIDs are given to control pain.
If ovarian torsions are diagnosed and treated early, then the prognosis is favorable. However, if diagnosis is delayed, the torsions can worsen and cut off arterial blood flow into and venous blood flow out of the ovary. This results in necrosis (death) of the ovarian tissue. Delayed diagnosis can also result in problems when trying to conceive due to infertility.
I would recommend discussing this in further details with your doctor/gynaecologist and if you experience any of the above-mentioned symptoms that you go straight to the ER at the hospital.
Good luck :)
Reply:One of the symptoms that can occur with rupture of an ovary is very intense pain that requires getting emergency help.
I have the link to a site that may help you find even more information. It's at: http://forums.obgyn.net/womens-health
I would recommend checking with your doctor as well to see what they say.
Golf Shoes
What are the symptoms of a ruptured ovary?
Ovarian torsion is the twisting of the ovary (similar to rupture) due to the influence of another condition or disease. This results in extreme lower abdominal pain.
Ovarian torsion occurs infrequently only in females. In can occur in women of all ages, but most women that experience this are younger. Approximately 70-75% of cases occur in women under 30 years old. About 20% of all reported cases are in pregnant women. It is the fifth most common gynaecological emergency which can include surgical intervention.
Ovarian torsion usually arises in only one ovary at a time. They can occur in either normal or enlarged ovaries and fallopian tubes, and occasionally they develop in both.
There are a variety of conditions that can cause torsion of the ovary ranging from changes in normal ovaries to congenital and developmental abnormalities or even a disease that affects the tube or ovary. Normal ovaries that experience spasms or changes in the blood vessels in the mesosalpinx can become twisted. For example, if the veins in the mesosalpinx become congested, the ovaries will undergo torsion.
Developmental abnormalities of the fallopian tube such as extremely longer-than-normal tubes or a missing mesosalpinx will cause ovarian torsion. Diseases such as ovarian cysts or fibromas, tumor of the ovary or tubes, and trauma to either the ovaries or the tubes will also cause ovarian torsion.
The characteristic symptom of ovarian torsion is the sudden onset of extreme lower abdominal pain that radiates to the back, side and thigh. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation can accompany the pain. The patient may also experience tenderness in the lower abdominal area, a mild fever and tachycardia.
The diagnosis of ovarian torsions usually occurs in an emergency room due to the suddenness of extreme pain. Emergency room doctors may consult with a gynaecologist. Since 20% of ovarian torsions occur in pregnant women, physicians will order a pregnancy test. Visualization with an ultrasound and CT scan will help pinpoint the ovarian structures and allow gynaecologists to diagnose. Diagnosis is often confirmed through laparoscopy.
Ovarian torsions need to be repaired. This is done through surgery, and for less severe cases laparoscopic surgery is used. Medications such as NSAIDs are given to control pain.
If ovarian torsions are diagnosed and treated early, then the prognosis is favorable. However, if diagnosis is delayed, the torsions can worsen and cut off arterial blood flow into and venous blood flow out of the ovary. This results in necrosis (death) of the ovarian tissue. Delayed diagnosis can also result in problems when trying to conceive due to infertility.
I would recommend discussing this in further details with your doctor/gynaecologist and if you experience any of the above-mentioned symptoms that you go straight to the ER at the hospital.
Good luck :)
Reply:One of the symptoms that can occur with rupture of an ovary is very intense pain that requires getting emergency help.
I have the link to a site that may help you find even more information. It's at: http://forums.obgyn.net/womens-health
I would recommend checking with your doctor as well to see what they say.
Golf Shoes
How do you treat Poly-cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and/or find a specialist?
I have been seeing a doctor (or several doctors) for a period of 8 years. I have changed them frequently and have finally gotten to a point where I can't stand. Amongst the normal treatment with BC and some other medications, nothing seems to be happening.
It has only been in the last 2 years that weight gain and skin problems have gotten really bad. Nothing seems to be working. Are there any resources and/or registry where I can find a specialized doctor to assist? While my Primary Care Provider is a good doctor, I am in search of more aggressive treatment and or someone who might understand the problem from a different medical perspective.
I also want to know where I can find the criteria for allowing a patient with PCOS to use metformin? Do they have to have diabetes to do so? Any info you could provide would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
How do you treat Poly-cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and/or find a specialist?
I agree, Soulcysters is GREAT.
Generally speaking, many physicians prescribe metformin to their PCOS patients without doing any tests.
However, the primary indication for using metformin in PCOS is insulin resistance.
Your doctor should test you for insulin resistance and put you on metformin if you have it.
Insulin resistance can be diagnosed in a few ways. The easiest is the fasting insulin value. If the value is above the normal limit, but blood glucose is normal or low, you have insulin resistance. If your fasting blood sugar is high, you may have diabetes. Either way, metformin would help. A glucose tolerance test may also provide clues. During this test, you fast the night before and then chug this awful glucose-rich drink. They then measure your blood glucose levels over a few hours.
I'm on metformin. I hated it at first because of the AWFUL diarrhea it gave me, but I've adjusted now, I'm ovulating again, and I could not be happier (well, unless I was pregnant!).
Metformin, rather than treating the symptoms like birth control does, gets at the root and helps your body level out its own hormones rather than adding hormones to mask the ones you're already making. From what I understand, the symptoms of PCOS are caused by the fact that high levels of insulin cause the ovaries to make testosterone instead of estrogen, which leads to all kinds of problems including acne and infertility.
One other thing I'd suggest is low-carbing. Carbs cause fluctuations in blood sugar which can lead to insulin fluctuations. You may find a lot of improvements in your symptoms on a low-carb diet.
Good luck on your journey, and do stop by SoulCysters. The ladies there are full of beautiful advice!
Reply:Please check out www.soulcysters.com There is a weath of information there and a message board full of wonderful and informed women who can help you with any questions you may have. It's a great site.
Reply:Another great site is the PCOS message boards at www.ivillage.com The best type of doctor to see is a reproductive endocrinologist. He/she can prescribe metformin. There is no specific guidelines for this (you dont have to have diabetes). Generally a dose of 1500-2500mg is your goal. There are some bad GI side effects, so usually you increase slowly. PCOS is usually diagnosed with blood tests combined with your symptoms. It is common for people to test OK with insulin resistance and the other blood tests but still respond positively to metformin. I highly recommend it. Check out the message boards to have more questions answered about PCOS.
It has only been in the last 2 years that weight gain and skin problems have gotten really bad. Nothing seems to be working. Are there any resources and/or registry where I can find a specialized doctor to assist? While my Primary Care Provider is a good doctor, I am in search of more aggressive treatment and or someone who might understand the problem from a different medical perspective.
I also want to know where I can find the criteria for allowing a patient with PCOS to use metformin? Do they have to have diabetes to do so? Any info you could provide would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!
How do you treat Poly-cystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and/or find a specialist?
I agree, Soulcysters is GREAT.
Generally speaking, many physicians prescribe metformin to their PCOS patients without doing any tests.
However, the primary indication for using metformin in PCOS is insulin resistance.
Your doctor should test you for insulin resistance and put you on metformin if you have it.
Insulin resistance can be diagnosed in a few ways. The easiest is the fasting insulin value. If the value is above the normal limit, but blood glucose is normal or low, you have insulin resistance. If your fasting blood sugar is high, you may have diabetes. Either way, metformin would help. A glucose tolerance test may also provide clues. During this test, you fast the night before and then chug this awful glucose-rich drink. They then measure your blood glucose levels over a few hours.
I'm on metformin. I hated it at first because of the AWFUL diarrhea it gave me, but I've adjusted now, I'm ovulating again, and I could not be happier (well, unless I was pregnant!).
Metformin, rather than treating the symptoms like birth control does, gets at the root and helps your body level out its own hormones rather than adding hormones to mask the ones you're already making. From what I understand, the symptoms of PCOS are caused by the fact that high levels of insulin cause the ovaries to make testosterone instead of estrogen, which leads to all kinds of problems including acne and infertility.
One other thing I'd suggest is low-carbing. Carbs cause fluctuations in blood sugar which can lead to insulin fluctuations. You may find a lot of improvements in your symptoms on a low-carb diet.
Good luck on your journey, and do stop by SoulCysters. The ladies there are full of beautiful advice!
Reply:Please check out www.soulcysters.com There is a weath of information there and a message board full of wonderful and informed women who can help you with any questions you may have. It's a great site.
Reply:Another great site is the PCOS message boards at www.ivillage.com The best type of doctor to see is a reproductive endocrinologist. He/she can prescribe metformin. There is no specific guidelines for this (you dont have to have diabetes). Generally a dose of 1500-2500mg is your goal. There are some bad GI side effects, so usually you increase slowly. PCOS is usually diagnosed with blood tests combined with your symptoms. It is common for people to test OK with insulin resistance and the other blood tests but still respond positively to metformin. I highly recommend it. Check out the message boards to have more questions answered about PCOS.
How common is it for polycystic ovary disease to turn into cervical cancer?
There is no relationship between the two. The ovaries are separate from the uterus and the cervix is the neck of the uterus.
How common is it for polycystic ovary disease to turn into cervical cancer?
PCOS and cervical cancer are COMPLETELY SEPARATE issues. Not at all related in any way, whatsoever.
PCOS is related to hormonal imbalances and weight. Cervical cancer is, 99% of the time, related to sexually transmitted viral infections.
BTW, PRECANCER is NOT cancer. If you don't treat it, it could turn into cancer, but it is NOT cancer.
Reply:Hi Michelle,
I have a daughter who was diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome several years ago. You need to make sure you are well informed - ask questions of your specialist %26amp; research some reputable internet sites. It's a fact that those with this syndrome are at increased risk of several cancers, obesity %26amp; diabetes. It is important that you become informed and take charge of your own health. There is a lot of research that indicates that diet can play a huge role in staying healthy and also discuss the birth control pill with your doctor. My daughter was told that it will 'help' by stopping ovulation and therefore keeping her ovaries from developing more cysts ( remember get medical advice),
good luck, cheers, Kay :) ....... PS a good start for research is the Mayo Clinic Web Site
How common is it for polycystic ovary disease to turn into cervical cancer?
PCOS and cervical cancer are COMPLETELY SEPARATE issues. Not at all related in any way, whatsoever.
PCOS is related to hormonal imbalances and weight. Cervical cancer is, 99% of the time, related to sexually transmitted viral infections.
BTW, PRECANCER is NOT cancer. If you don't treat it, it could turn into cancer, but it is NOT cancer.
Reply:Hi Michelle,
I have a daughter who was diagnosed with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome several years ago. You need to make sure you are well informed - ask questions of your specialist %26amp; research some reputable internet sites. It's a fact that those with this syndrome are at increased risk of several cancers, obesity %26amp; diabetes. It is important that you become informed and take charge of your own health. There is a lot of research that indicates that diet can play a huge role in staying healthy and also discuss the birth control pill with your doctor. My daughter was told that it will 'help' by stopping ovulation and therefore keeping her ovaries from developing more cysts ( remember get medical advice),
good luck, cheers, Kay :) ....... PS a good start for research is the Mayo Clinic Web Site
What happens to the ovule after fertilization happens? What happens to ovary after fertilization occurs?
I just need a couple of words no more no less!!!!
What happens to the ovule after fertilization happens? What happens to ovary after fertilization occurs?
Poonam W is correct.
Check out this site. Go to the bottom of the page and click on Flower Plants.
http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~braselto/read...
Reply:The two combine to effect change and life continues...
Reply:The ovule becomes seed after fertilization
The ovary becomes fruit after fertilization.
What happens to the ovule after fertilization happens? What happens to ovary after fertilization occurs?
Poonam W is correct.
Check out this site. Go to the bottom of the page and click on Flower Plants.
http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~braselto/read...
Reply:The two combine to effect change and life continues...
Reply:The ovule becomes seed after fertilization
The ovary becomes fruit after fertilization.
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